![]() A good understanding of equilibria will allow students to explain the behaviour of weak acids and bases and understand pH calculations. The concept of equilibria is key to understanding acids and bases at this level. ![]() Buffers are solutions that minimise changes in pH when small amounts of acid/alkali are added and play an important role in biological (eg blood) and non-biological (eg shampoo) systems. Indicators are weak acids that change colour when they donate H + ions.K w is the ionic product of water and can be used to calculate, and pH of a solution.pH curves show how pH changes during an acid–base titration and can be used to determine the equivalence point. The pH scale is a logarithmic scale used as a measure of H + concentration.Acids and bases form conjugate acid–base pairs. Strong acids/bases are fully dissociated in aqueous solutions, while weak acids/bases are only partially dissociated.Students should understand there are several different theories of acids and bases (ie, the Arrhenius, Brønsted–Lowry and Lewis theories).This topic provides an opportunity to learn about the world around us, including issues surrounding the environment, medicine and agriculture that may reel students in. Everyday household cleaning products are just one ideal real-life context for students’ learningĪcids and bases are everywhere: in household products, food, our bodies.
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